Table 1 Breaking Free Online content
Strategies included in Breaking Free Online | Description of strategy | Therapeutic approaches underpinning strategies | BCT taxonomy (V1) techniques (number in taxonomy) |
|---|---|---|---|
Lifestyle balance model (individualized diagram) | Generic formulation; Idiosyncratic formulation; Personalized feedback; Case formulation – understand the links between situations, thoughts, emotions, behaviors, physical sensations and lifestyle | Node-link mapping (International Treatment Effectiveness Program (ITEP); Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) | Information about antecedents (4.2); Information about health consequences (5.1); Salience of consequences (5.2); Information about social and environmental consequences (5.3); Information about emotional consequences (5.6) |
Understanding your difficult situations | Assessment; Self-monitoring; Standardized measures; Psycho-education on impact of problematic situations; Intervention to help people in distress access support | All structured therapeutic approaches; Psycho-education; Guided self-help | Social support (unspecified) (3.1); Reduce negative emotions (11.2) |
Managing your risky situations: Recognize– avoid–cope | Recognize–avoid–cope; Relapse prevention for coping with environmental/situational/emotional triggers; Creating action plans on how to avoid or cope in high risk situations | Relapse prevention; Refusal skills | Problem solving (1.2); Action planning (1.4); Instruction on how to perform a behavior (4.1); Behavioral practice/rehearsal (8.1); Behaviour substitution (8.2); Avoidance/reducing exposure to cues for the behavior (12.3); Goal setting (behavior) (1.1); Problem solving (1.2); Action planning (1.4) |
Understanding your negative thoughts | Psycho-education on impact on negative thoughts | Psycho-education; Guided self-help | Information about antecedents (4.2); Information about health consequences (5.1); Salience of consequences (5.2); Information about social and environmental consequences (5.3); Information about emotional consequences (5.6) |
Escaping your mind traps | Mind traps; Cognitive restructuring; Challenge thoughts that may be unhelpful | International Treatment Effectiveness Program (ITEP); Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) | Re-attribution (4.3); Framing-reframing (13.2) |
Understanding your emotions | Psycho-education on impact on emotions | Psycho-education; Guided self-help | Information about antecedents (4.2); Information about health consequences (5.1); Salience of consequences (5.2); Information about social and environmental consequences (5.3); Information about emotional consequences (5.6) |
Shifting your focus | Attention narrowing; Attention switching; Emotional regulation; Recognize/understand/normalize emotions; Developing more appropriate coping strategies | Coping strategy enhancement (CSE); Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy | Information about emotional consequences (5.6); Behavioral practice/rehearsal (8.1); Reduce negative emotions (11.2); Problem solving (1.2); Social support (unspecified) (3.1); Behavioral practice/rehearsal (8.1); Distraction (12.4) |
Understanding your physical sensations | Psycho-education on impact of physical sensations | Psycho-education; Guided self-help | Information about antecedents (4.2); Information about health consequences (5.1); Salience of consequences (5.2); Information about social and environmental consequences (5.3); Information about emotional consequences (5.6) |
Surfing your cravings and urges | Urge surfing; Body scanning; Relapse prevention-based techniques | Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy | Instruction on how to perform a behavior (4.1); Behavioral practice/rehearsal (8.1); Reduce negative emotions (11.2) |
Understanding your unhelpful behaviors | Psycho-education on impact of destructive behaviors | Psycho-education; Guided self-help | Information about antecedents (4.2); Information about health consequences (5.1); Salience of consequences (5.2); Information about social and environmental consequences (5.3); Information about emotional consequences (5.6) |
Planning your time positively | Activity scheduling; Behavioral activation; Encourage new behaviors via positive feedback; Increase activity to increase energy levels and relieve boredom | Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) | Non-specific reward (10.3); Non-specific incentive (10.6); Reward approximation (14.4); Rewarding completion (14.5); Goal setting (behavior) (1.1); Action planning (1.4) |
Understanding your lifestyle | Psycho-education on impact of lifestyle; Creating SMART goals for recovery | Psycho-education; Guided self-help | Goal setting (behavior) (1.1); Problem solving (1.2); Goal setting (outcome) (1.3); Action planning (1.4) |
Achieving your life goals | Goal-setting Increase treatment engagement and retention. Increase readiness to change behavior | Motivational enhancement therapy (MET); Implementation intentions | Non-specific reward (10.3); Focus on past success (15.3); Action planning (1.4) |
Progress check | Monitor behavior to provide feedback about progress towards goals; Encourage new behaviors via positive feedback | Self-monitoring | Self-monitoring of behavior (2.3); Feedback on outcome(s) of behavior (2.7) |
Information on alcohol and drugs | Psycho-education on effects of alcohol and drugs; Reduce negative or fatal consequences of substance using behaviors | Harm reduction; Psycho-education | Information about health consequences (5.1); Salience of consequences (5.2); Behaviour substitution (8.2); Habit reversal (8.4) |