Table 1 Baseline characteristics of all releases of HIV-positive individuals released from Dallas County Jail to the community, January 2011–November 2013
From: Emergency department utilization by people living with HIV released from jail in the US South
| Demographics and incarceration |
No ED visits n = 685 (%) |
1 to 2 ED visits n = 463 (%) |
> 3 ED visits n = 302 (%) |
Total N = 1450 (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (mean ± SD) | 39.1 ± 10.6 | 38.2 ± 10.6 | 40.4 ± 11 | 39.1 (30.2–47.7) |
| Male (%) | 81.0 | 76.5 | 67.9 | 76.8 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White | 18.5 | 17.1 | 22.9 | 19.0 |
| Black | 64.7 | 69.3 | 70.9 | 67.4 |
| Hispanic | 16.8 | 13.6 | 6.3 | 13.6 |
| Median incarceration length [IQR] (days) | 5 [1–18] | 6 [1–18] | 7 [2–23] | 6 [1–19] |
| HIV risk factor | ||||
| IDU + MSM | 2.5 | 4.3 | 3.0 | 3.2 |
| IDU (non-MSM) | 5.6 | 7.6 | 11.6 | 7.5 |
| MSM (non-IDU) | 31.7 | 30.7 | 25.5 | 30.1 |
| All others | 60.3 | 57.5 | 59.9 | 59.3 |
| SES/housing | ||||
| Ever married | 19.9 | 23.1 | 30.8 | 23.2 |
| Family aware of HIV status | 47.5 | 55.3 | 62.3 | 53.0 |
| Family supportive of HIV status | 57.5 | 60.5 | 61.6 | 59.3 |
| Stable/permanent housing | 27.7 | 26.1 | 21.9 | 26.0 |
| Source of Income | ||||
| Employed | 9.6 | 8.2 | 5.3 | 8.3 |
| Disability benefits | 19.9 | 30.2 | 39.7 | 27.3 |
| All others | 70.5 | 61.6 | 55.0 | 64.4 |
| History of physical/sexual abuse | 21.2 | 23.8 | 32.5 | 24.3 |
| Income level | ||||
| Percent at or below 100% FPL | 64.7 | 72.6 | 74.5 | 69.2 |
| Percent above 100% FPL | 6.1 | 5.6 | 3.3 | 5.4 |
| Unknown or missing | 29.2 | 21.8 | 22.2 | 25.4 |
| Insurance coverage | ||||
| Commercial | 2.3 | 1.7 | 3.0 | 2.3 |
| Medicare | 10.7 | 13.4 | 13.6 | 12.1 |
| Medicaid | 16.8 | 30.0 | 44.7 | 26.8 |
| Charity | 42.5 | 37.8 | 27.2 | 37.8 |
| Missing | 27.7 | 17.0 | 11.5 | 21.0 |
| Substance use | ||||
| At-risk alcohol use | 4.8 | 5.6 | 6.6 | 5.5 |
| Tobacco use | 48.8 | 58.1 | 67.2 | 55.6 |
| Any illicit drug use | 58.0 | 66.7 | 67.2 | 62.8 |
| Cannabis | 39.9 | 46.7 | 40.7 | 42.2 |
| Cocaine | 24.2 | 24.6 | 34.4 | 26.5 |
| Crack cocaine | 15.3 | 16.4 | 26.8 | 18.1 |
| Methamphetamines | 12.4 | 13.6 | 15.2 | 13.4 |
| Heroin | 5.0 | 7.3 | 12.2 | 7.2 |
| Stimulant/opioid use | 40.6 | 41.3 | 54.0 | 43.6 |
| Mental illness | ||||
| Any mental illness | 43.4 | 52.7 | 61.3 | 50.1 |
| Bipolar disorder | 23.8 | 30.0 | 36.1 | 28.3 |
| Schizophrenia/psychosis | 13.6 | 18.8 | 21.2 | 16.8 |
| Anxiety | 8.5 | 8.4 | 11.3 | 9.0 |
| Depression | 26.0 | 34.3 | 38.4 | 31.2 |
| PTSD | 2.0 | 3.2 | 6.6 | 3.4 |
| Serious mental illness | 28.6 | 34.8 | 42.7 | 33.5 |
| HIV care | ||||
| Reported prior HIV clinic | 56.9 | 64.2 | 61.6 | 60.2 |
| Prescribed ART before incarceration | 62.3 | 63.1 | 64.6 | 63.0 |
| Adherent to ART before incarceration | 42.3 | 39.7 | 38.4 | 40.7 |
| First viral load in jail undetectable | 35.7 | 28.4 | 27.7 | 31.6 |
| Last viral load in jail undetectable | 38.4 | 31.6 | 34.2 | 35.3 |
| Linkage to care | ||||
| No clinic visit after release | 46.3 | 39.3 | 40.1 | 42.8 |
| First clinic visit 0–90 days after release | 33.1 | 36.3 | 30.8 | 33.7 |
| First clinic visit > 90 days after release | 20.6 | 24.4 | 29.1 | 23.6 |