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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of all releases of HIV-positive individuals released from Dallas County Jail to the community, January 2011–November 2013

From: Emergency department utilization by people living with HIV released from jail in the US South

Demographics and incarceration

No ED visits

n = 685 (%)

1 to 2 ED visits

n = 463 (%)

> 3 ED visits

n = 302 (%)

Total

N = 1450 (%)

Age (mean ± SD)

39.1 ± 10.6

38.2 ± 10.6

40.4 ± 11

39.1 (30.2–47.7)

Male (%)

81.0

76.5

67.9

76.8

Race/ethnicity

 White

18.5

17.1

22.9

19.0

 Black

64.7

69.3

70.9

67.4

 Hispanic

16.8

13.6

6.3

13.6

Median incarceration length [IQR] (days)

5 [1–18]

6 [1–18]

7 [2–23]

6 [1–19]

HIV risk factor

 IDU + MSM

2.5

4.3

3.0

3.2

 IDU (non-MSM)

5.6

7.6

11.6

7.5

 MSM (non-IDU)

31.7

30.7

25.5

30.1

 All others

60.3

57.5

59.9

59.3

SES/housing

 Ever married

19.9

23.1

30.8

23.2

 Family aware of HIV status

47.5

55.3

62.3

53.0

 Family supportive of HIV status

57.5

60.5

61.6

59.3

 Stable/permanent housing

27.7

26.1

21.9

26.0

Source of Income

 Employed

9.6

8.2

5.3

8.3

 Disability benefits

19.9

30.2

39.7

27.3

 All others

70.5

61.6

55.0

64.4

History of physical/sexual abuse

21.2

23.8

32.5

24.3

Income level

 Percent at or below 100% FPL

64.7

72.6

74.5

69.2

 Percent above 100% FPL

6.1

5.6

3.3

5.4

 Unknown or missing

29.2

21.8

22.2

25.4

Insurance coverage

 Commercial

2.3

1.7

3.0

2.3

 Medicare

10.7

13.4

13.6

12.1

 Medicaid

16.8

30.0

44.7

26.8

 Charity

42.5

37.8

27.2

37.8

 Missing

27.7

17.0

11.5

21.0

Substance use

 At-risk alcohol use

4.8

5.6

6.6

5.5

 Tobacco use

48.8

58.1

67.2

55.6

 Any illicit drug use

58.0

66.7

67.2

62.8

 Cannabis

39.9

46.7

40.7

42.2

 Cocaine

24.2

24.6

34.4

26.5

 Crack cocaine

15.3

16.4

26.8

18.1

 Methamphetamines

12.4

13.6

15.2

13.4

 Heroin

5.0

7.3

12.2

7.2

 Stimulant/opioid use

40.6

41.3

54.0

43.6

Mental illness

 Any mental illness

43.4

52.7

61.3

50.1

 Bipolar disorder

23.8

30.0

36.1

28.3

 Schizophrenia/psychosis

13.6

18.8

21.2

16.8

 Anxiety

8.5

8.4

11.3

9.0

 Depression

26.0

34.3

38.4

31.2

 PTSD

2.0

3.2

6.6

3.4

 Serious mental illness

28.6

34.8

42.7

33.5

HIV care

 Reported prior HIV clinic

56.9

64.2

61.6

60.2

 Prescribed ART before incarceration

62.3

63.1

64.6

63.0

 Adherent to ART before incarceration

42.3

39.7

38.4

40.7

 First viral load in jail undetectable

35.7

28.4

27.7

31.6

 Last viral load in jail undetectable

38.4

31.6

34.2

35.3

Linkage to care

 No clinic visit after release

46.3

39.3

40.1

42.8

 First clinic visit 0–90 days after release

33.1

36.3

30.8

33.7

 First clinic visit > 90 days after release

20.6

24.4

29.1

23.6