Table 2 Univariate and multivariate predictors of ED utilization
From: Emergency department utilization by people living with HIV released from jail in the US South
Independent variable | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | p value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p value | |
Demographics and incarceration | ||||
Race/ethnicity | ||||
  White | (Reference) | – | (Reference) | – |
  Black | 0.96 (0.75–1.24) | 0.76 | 1.04 (0.80–1.35) | 0.78 |
  Hispanic | 0.53 (0.37–0.76) | 0.0004 | 0.61 (0.42–0.87) | 0.007 |
Age (per 5 years in units) | 1.02 (0.98–1.07) | 0.30 | – | – |
Female gender (vs. male) | 1.66 (1.32–2.08) | < 0.0001 | 1.30 (1.00–1.69) | 0.05 |
Days of incarceration | 1.002 (1.000–1.004) | 0.10 | – | – |
HIV risk factor | ||||
  Heterosexual | (Reference) | – | – | – |
  MSM (non-IDU) | 0.90 (0.72–1.11) | 0.32 | 0.73 (0.51–1.06) | 0.25 |
  IDU | 1.60 (1.17–2.20) | 0.004 | 0.73 (0.51–1.04) | 0.21 |
SES/housing | ||||
  Ever married | 1.51 (1.20–1.89) | 0.0004 | 1.25 (0.98–1.60) | 0.08 |
  Family aware of HIV status | 1.56 (1.28–1.89) | < 0.0001 | 1.32 (1.06–1.65) | 0.02 |
  Family supportive of HIV status | 1.14 (0.94–1.39) | 0.70 | – | – |
  Stable housing | 0.82 (0.65–1.02) | 0.07 | – | – |
Source of income | ||||
  Employed (vs. other) | 0.84 (0.58–1.21) | 0.35 | – | – |
  Disability benefits (vs. other) | 2.04 (1.64–2.54) | < 0.0001 | – | – |
  h/o physical/sexual abuse | 1.49 (1.19–1.86) | 0.0005 | 1.20 (0.94–1.54) | 0.15 |
Substance use | ||||
  At-risk alcohol use | 1.28 (0.84–1.95) | 0.25 | – | – |
  Tobacco use | 1.74 (1.43–2.12) | < 0.0001 | – | – |
  Any illicit drug use | 1.42 (1.16–1.74) | 0.0007 | – | – |
  Cannabis | 1.11 (0.91–1.35) | 0.30 | – | – |
  Club drug | 1.14 (0.78–1.66) | 0.50 | – | – |
  Cocaine | 1.37 (1.10–1.70) | 0.005 | – | – |
  Crack cocaine | 1.62 (1.26–2.07) | 0.0001 | – | – |
  Heroin | 2.09 (1.45–3.01) | < 0.0001 | – | – |
  Opiates | 1.85 (0.56–6.17) | 0.32 | – | – |
  Methamphetamines | 1.19 (0.90–1.57) | 0.23 | – | – |
  Prescription medications | 1.19 (0.49–2.90) | 0.70 | – | – |
  Stimulant/opioid use | 1.39 (1.14–1.68) | 0.001 | 1.07 (0.86–1.34) | 0.06 |
Mental illness | ||||
  Any mental illness | 1.70 (1.40–2.07) | < 0.0001 | – | – |
  Bipolar | 1.55 (1.26–1.92) | < 0.0001 | – | – |
  Schizophrenia/psychosis | 1.52 (1.18–1.96) | 0.001 | – | – |
  Anxiety | 1.22 (0.87–1.70) | 0.24 | – | – |
  Depression | 1.56 (1.27–1.92) | < 0.0001 | – | – |
  PTSD | 2.54 (1.50–4.31) | 0.0005 | – | – |
  Serious mental illness | 1.57 (1.28–1.92) | < 0.0001 | 1.28 (1.02–1.61) | 0.03 |
Prior HIV care | ||||
  Prior HIV clinic before incarceration | 1.23 (1.01–1.50) | 0.043 | – | – |
  Prescribed ART before incarceration | 1.07 (0.87–1.30) | 0.53 | – | – |
  Adherent to ART before incarceration | 0.88 (0.72–1.07) | 0.21 | 0.77 (0.62–0.95) | 0.01 |
  ART prescribed in jail | 0.87 (0.71–1.07) | 0.19 | – | – |
Linkage to care | ||||
  Clinic visit 0–90 days after release | (Reference) |  | (Reference) |  |
  Clinic visit > 90 days after release | 1.31 (1.01–1.69) | 0.0018 | 1.33 (1.02–1.73) | 0.04 |
  No clinic visit after release | 1.13 (0.90–1.42) | 0.35 | 0.80 (0.63–1.01) | 0.06 |