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Table 1 Included study characteristics

From: A systematic review of post-release programs for women exiting prison with substance-use disorders: assessing current programs and weighing the evidence

Characteristics

N (%)

Reference

Inclusion period, years

2002–2018

(Chan et al., 2005; Covington et al., 2008; Farrell-Macdonald et al., 2014; Grella & Rodriguez, 2011; Guydish et al., 2011; J. E. Johnson et al., 2011; Messina et al., 2006; Miller et al., 2016; Needels et al., 2005; Nyamathi et al., 2018; Schram & Morash, 2002; Scott et al., 2017)

Country

 United States

11 (92%)

(Chan et al., 2005; Covington et al., 2008; Grella & Rodriguez, 2011; Guydish et al., 2011; J. E. Johnson et al., 2011; Messina et al., 2006; Miller et al., 2016; Needels et al., 2005; Nyamathi et al., 2018; Schram & Morash, 2002; Scott et al., 2017)

 Canada

1 (8%)

(Farrell-Macdonald et al., 2014)

Design

 Randomised control trial

5 (42%)

(Guydish et al., 2011; J. E. Johnson et al., 2011; Needels et al., 2005; Nyamathi et al., 2018; Scott et al., 2017)

 Quasi-experimental

4 (33%)

(Chan et al., 2005; Messina et al., 2006; Miller et al., 2016; Schram & Morash, 2002)

 One-group pre/post-test design

1 (8%)

(Covington et al., 2008)

 Cohort

1 (8%)

(Grella & Rodriguez, 2011)

 Retrospective

1 (8%)

(Farrell-Macdonald et al., 2014)

Study population

 Female only

10 (83%)

(Chan et al., 2005; Covington et al., 2008; Farrell-Macdonald et al., 2014; Grella & Rodriguez, 2011; Guydish et al., 2011; Messina et al., 2006; Miller et al., 2016; Nyamathi et al., 2018; Schram & Morash, 2002; Scott et al., 2017)

 Mixed-gendered

2 (17%)

(J. E. Johnson et al., 2011; Needels et al., 2005)

Participants

 Total participants

4865

 

 Total women

3799

 

 Intervention participants (women)

2174

 

 Control participants (women)

1580

 

Participants age

 Mean range

30.1–39.1

(Chan et al., 2005; Covington et al., 2008; Grella & Rodriguez, 2011; Guydish et al., 2011; J. E. Johnson et al., 2011; Messina et al., 2006; Miller et al., 2016; Needels et al., 2005; Nyamathi et al., 2018; Schram & Morash, 2002; Scott et al., 2017)

 Median

31–40

(Schram & Morash, 2002)

Identified substance use disorder

 100%

9 (75%)

(Covington et al., 2008; Farrell-Macdonald et al., 2014; Grella & Rodriguez, 2011; Guydish et al., 2011; J. E. Johnson et al., 2011; Messina et al., 2006; Miller et al., 2016; Nyamathi et al., 2018; Scott et al., 2017)

  < 100% (range 74–96%)

3 (25%)

(Chan et al., 2005; Needels et al., 2005; Schram & Morash, 2002)

Incarceration history

 Have been in prison before this reception (% range)

55%–92%

(Chan et al., 2005; Covington et al., 2008; Farrell-Macdonald et al., 2014; Grella & Rodriguez, 2011; Guydish et al., 2011; Nyamathi et al., 2018; Schram & Morash, 2002; Scott et al., 2017)

 Previous contact with the criminal justice system (mean range)

6.3–10.4

(J. E. Johnson et al., 2011; Messina et al., 2006; Miller et al., 2016; Needels et al., 2005)

Parenting characteristics

 Mother (% range)

63–82%

(Chan et al., 2005; Covington et al., 2008; Grella & Rodriguez, 2011; Guydish et al., 2011; J. E. Johnson et al., 2011; Schram & Morash, 2002; Scott et al., 2017)

 Average number per women

1 (8%)

(Messina et al., 2006)

 Median number per women

2 (17%)

(Chan et al., 2005)

Intervention delivery

 Post-release

6 (50%)

(Chan et al., 2005; Covington et al., 2008; Guydish et al., 2011; J. E. Johnson et al., 2011; Nyamathi et al., 2018; Scott et al., 2017)

 Transitional

6 (50%)

(Farrell-Macdonald et al., 2014; Grella & Rodriguez, 2011; Messina et al., 2006; Miller et al., 2016; Needels et al., 2005; Schram & Morash, 2002)

Intervention

 Probation Case Management

2 (17%)

(Chan et al., 2005; Guydish et al., 2011)

 Dialectical Behavioural Therapy–Corrections Modified

1 (8%)

(Nyamathi et al., 2018)

 Recovery Management Check-ups

1 (8%)

(Scott et al., 2017)

 Delaware County Transition

1 (8%)

(Miller et al., 2016)

 Methadone maintenance treatment

1 (8%)

(Farrell-Macdonald et al., 2014)

 Female Offender Treatment and Employment Program

1 (8%)

(Grella & Rodriguez, 2011)

 Collaborative Behavioral Management

1 (8%)

(J. E. Johnson et al., 2011)

 Women’s Integrated Treatment model

1 (8%)

(Covington et al., 2008)

 Prison-based substance abuse program and community-based after-care

1 (8%)

(Messina et al., 2006)

 HealthLink jail and community services

1 (8%)

(Needels et al., 2005)

 Life Skills program

1 (8%)

(Schram & Morash, 2002)

Comparator

 Standard parole/probation

4 (33%)

(Chan et al., 2005; Guydish et al., 2011; J. E. Johnson et al., 2011; Scott et al., 2017)

 Pre-release treatment group

3 (25%)

(Farrell-Macdonald et al., 2014; Messina et al., 2006; Needels et al., 2005)

 No treatment control group

2 (17%)

(Farrell-Macdonald et al., 2014; Messina et al., 2006)

 Control group not clear

2 (17%)

(Miller et al., 2016; Schram & Morash, 2002)

 Health Promotion program

1 (8%)

(Nyamathi et al., 2018)

 Program non-completers

1 (8%)

(Grella & Rodriguez, 2011)

 Pre/post test scores

1 (8%)

(Covington et al., 2008)

Setting

 Pre-release

6 (50%)

(Farrell-Macdonald et al., 2014; Grella & Rodriguez, 2011; Messina et al., 2006; Miller et al., 2016; Needels et al., 2005; Schram & Morash, 2002)

  Jail/prison

4 (33%)

(Farrell-Macdonald et al., 2014; Grella & Rodriguez, 2011; Miller et al., 2016; Needels et al., 2005)

  Prison camp

1 (8%)

(Schram & Morash, 2002)

  Therapeutic Community (in-prison but separate to general prison population)

1 (8%)

(Messina et al., 2006)

 Post-release

12 (100%)

(Chan et al., 2005; Covington et al., 2008; Farrell-Macdonald et al., 2014; Grella & Rodriguez, 2011; Guydish et al., 2011; J. E. Johnson et al., 2011; Messina et al., 2006; Miller et al., 2016; Needels et al., 2005; Nyamathi et al., 2018; Schram & Morash, 2002; Scott et al., 2017)

  Community based (outpatient)

10 (83%)

(Chan et al., 2005; Farrell-Macdonald et al., 2014; Grella & Rodriguez, 2011; Guydish et al., 2011; J. E. Johnson et al., 2011; Miller et al., 2016; Needels et al., 2005; Nyamathi et al., 2018; Schram & Morash, 2002; Scott et al., 2017)

  Residential treatment facility (inpatient)

1 (8%)

(Covington et al., 2008)

  Post-release setting not clear

1 (8%)

(Messina et al., 2006)

Intervention length

 Pre-release

  6–12 months

2 (17%)

(Needels et al., 2005; Schram & Morash, 2002)

  13–24 months

1 (8%)

(Messina et al., 2006)

  Pre-release length not reported

3 (25%)

(Farrell-Macdonald et al., 2014; Grella & Rodriguez, 2011; Miller et al., 2016)

 Post-release

   < 3 months

1 (8%)

(Schram & Morash, 2002)

  3–6 months

2 (17%)

(J. E. Johnson et al., 2011; Messina et al., 2006)

  7–12 months

5 (42%)

(Chan et al., 2005; Covington et al., 2008; Guydish et al., 2011; Needels et al., 2005; Nyamathi et al., 2018)

  13–24 months

1 (8%)

(Grella & Rodriguez, 2011)

   > 24 months

1 (8%)

(Scott et al., 2017)

  Pre-release length not reported

2 (17%)

(Farrell-Macdonald et al., 2014; Miller et al., 2016)

Intervention attributes

 Community case management

8 (67%)

(Chan et al., 2005; Grella & Rodriguez, 2011; Guydish et al., 2011; Miller et al., 2016; Needels et al., 2005; Nyamathi et al., 2018; Schram & Morash, 2002; Scott et al., 2017)

 Gender-responsive

7 (58%)

(Chan et al., 2005; Covington et al., 2008; Grella & Rodriguez, 2011; Guydish et al., 2011; Nyamathi et al., 2018; Schram & Morash, 2002; Scott et al., 2017)

 Referrals to services

7 (58%)

(Chan et al., 2005; Grella & Rodriguez, 2011; Guydish et al., 2011; Miller et al., 2016; Needels et al., 2005; Nyamathi et al., 2018; Scott et al., 2017)

 Cognitive behavioural treatment

7 (58%)

(Covington et al., 2008; J. E. Johnson et al., 2011; Messina et al., 2006; Miller et al., 2016; Needels et al., 2005; Nyamathi et al., 2018; Schram & Morash, 2002)

 Imbedded substance-use treatment

5 (42%)

(Covington et al., 2008; Grella & Rodriguez, 2011; J. E. Johnson et al., 2011; Messina et al., 2006; Nyamathi et al., 2018)

 Imbedded MH and/or trauma services

3 (25%)

(Covington et al., 2008; Needels et al., 2005; Scott et al., 2017)

 Vocational services

4 (33%)

(Grella & Rodriguez, 2011; Guydish et al., 2011; J. E. Johnson et al., 2011; Schram & Morash, 2002)

 Drug substitution therapy

1 (8%)

(Farrell-Macdonald et al., 2014)

 Housing support

1 (8%)

(Schram & Morash, 2002)

Recidivism term used

 Recidivism

8 (67%)

(Farrell-Macdonald et al., 2014; Grella & Rodriguez, 2011; Guydish et al., 2011; J. E. Johnson et al., 2011; Miller et al., 2016; Nyamathi et al., 2018; Schram & Morash, 2002; Scott et al., 2017)

  Criminal activity

1 (8%)

(Covington et al., 2008)

Return to custody

1 (8%)

(Messina et al., 2006)

 Incarcerated

1 (8%)

(Chan et al., 2005)

 Criminal justice system involvement

1 (8%)

(Needels et al., 2005)

Recidivism measure

 Return to custody

8 (67%)

(Chan et al., 2005; Farrell-Macdonald et al., 2014; Grella & Rodriguez, 2011; J. E. Johnson et al., 2011; Messina et al., 2006; Nyamathi et al., 2018; Schram & Morash, 2002; Scott et al., 2017)

 Re-arrest

4 (33%)

(Guydish et al., 2011; J. E. Johnson et al., 2011; Needels et al., 2005; Scott et al., 2017)

 Conviction-free

1 (8%)

(Covington et al., 2008)

 Reoffended

1 (8%)

(Miller et al., 2016)

 Reoffending post-release as a result of:

  Probation/parole violation

3 (25%)

(Grella & Rodriguez, 2011; Miller et al., 2016; Needels et al., 2005)

  Charge with a new crime

3 (25%)

(Grella & Rodriguez, 2011; Miller et al., 2016; Scott et al., 2017)

  Type of crime (drug, property, violent crime, prostitution)

1 (8%)

(Scott et al., 2017)

  Date of first arrest

1 (8%)

(Guydish et al., 2011)

Follow-up time point (post-treatment)

0 months

5 (42%)

(Chan et al., 2005; Guydish et al., 2011; Messina et al., 2006; Schram & Morash, 2002; Scott et al., 2017)

3 months

1 (8%)

(Needels et al., 2005)

6 months

3 (25%)

(Covington et al., 2008; J. E. Johnson et al., 2011; Nyamathi et al., 2018)

12 months

1 (8%)

(Grella & Rodriguez, 2011)

 Not reported

2 (17%)

(Farrell-Macdonald et al., 2014; Miller et al., 2016)

Outcomes

Recidivism

12 (100%)

(Chan et al., 2005; Covington et al., 2008; Farrell-Macdonald et al., 2014; Grella & Rodriguez, 2011; Guydish et al., 2011; J. E. Johnson et al., 2011; Messina et al., 2006; Miller et al., 2016; Needels et al., 2005; Nyamathi et al., 2018; Schram & Morash, 2002; Scott et al., 2017)

 Substance use

6 (50%)

(Chan et al., 2005; Covington et al., 2008; Guydish et al., 2011; J. E. Johnson et al., 2011; Needels et al., 2005; Scott et al., 2017)

 Mental Health

4 (33%)

(Chan et al., 2005; Covington et al., 2008; Guydish et al., 2011; Nyamathi et al., 2018)

 Treatment utilization

4 (33%)

(Chan et al., 2005; Guydish et al., 2011; Needels et al., 2005; Scott et al., 2017)

 HIV risk behaviours

2 (17%)

(Needels et al., 2005; Nyamathi et al., 2018)

 Social support

2 (17%)

(Chan et al., 2005; Guydish et al., 2011)

 Trauma symptomology

1 (8%)

(Covington et al., 2008)

 Willingness/plans to participate in aftercare

1 (8%)

(Grella & Rodriguez, 2011)

 Treatment completion status

1 (8%)

(Grella & Rodriguez, 2011)

 Child custody

1 (8%)

(Chan et al., 2005)

 Coping behaviours

1 (8%)

(Nyamathi et al., 2018)

 Client satisfaction

1 (8%)

(Covington et al., 2008)

 Discriminatory beliefs

1 (8%)

(Nyamathi et al., 2018)

 Desire for help

1 (8%)

(Nyamathi et al., 2018)

 Survival time in the community

1 (8%)

(Farrell-Macdonald et al., 2014)

 Treatment readiness

1 (8%)

(Nyamathi et al., 2018)

 Time in treatment

1 (8%)

(Grella & Rodriguez, 2011)

 Participation in pre-release treatment

1 (8%)

(Grella & Rodriguez, 2011)