Table 2 Overview of Included Studies

Baron (2008) [1]

Quantitative (Cross-Sectional)

Risk/Epi

400 (33.8%)

Homeless street youth

Ontario, Canada

13–24

H → J

General Strain Theory

Baron (2016) [2]

Quantitative (Cross-Sectional)

Risk/Epi

400 (36%)

Homeless street youth

Large western city, Canada

16–24

H → J

Self-Control Theory

Boyd et al. (2016) [3]

Ethnography

Ethnography

75 (44%)

Street-involved, substance using youth

Vancouver, Canada

14–26

H → J

Britton & Pilnik (2018) [4]

Argument

Argument

N/A

System-involved youth

N/A

N/A

J → H

Chapple et al. (2004) [5]

Quantitative (Cross-Sectional)

Risk/Epi

602 (60%)

Homeless and runaway youth

Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska

12–22

H → J

Chen et al. (2006) [6]

Quantitative (Cross-Sectional)

Risk/Epi

428 (56.3%)

Homeless and runaway adolescents with mental health disorders

Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska

16–19

H → J

Courtney et al. (2019) [7]

Quantitative (Program Eval.)

Interventions

1322 (48.0%)

System-involved (custodial care or juvenile justice) youth transitioning to adulthood

Tennessee

18–24

H → J

Crawford et al. (2018) [8]

Quantitative (Cross-Sectional)

Risk/Epi

1420 (52%)

Youth transitioning from foster care to adulthood

Southwestern U.S. state

16–17

H → J

Edalati & Nicholls (2019) [9]

Systematic Review

Systematic Review

13,123 (51.7%)

Homeless individuals with childhood abuse and neglect

Varies by publication

12–66

H → J

Ivanich & Warner (2019) [10]

Quantitative (Longitudinal)

Risk/Epi

428 (60.2%)

Homeless youth

Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska

16–19

H → J

Focal Concerns Theory

Jackson et al. (2017) [11]

Quantitative (Longitudinal)

Risk/Epi

1280 (48%)

Children with adverse housing conditions

20 U.S. cities

8–11

H → J

General Strain Theory

Jeanis et al. (2019) [12]

Quantitative (Cross-Sectional)

Risk/Epi

29,204 (29.2%)

Delinquent runaway youth

Florida

12–18

H → J

Kolivoski et al. (2017) [13]

Quantitative (Longitudinal)

Risk/Epi

794 (50.8%)

Child-welfare-involved youth

Large county in Mid-Atlantic state

12–22

H → J

Kort-Butler & Tyler (2012) [14]

Quantitative (Cross-Sectional)

Observational

249 (55.0%)

Homeless and runaway youth

3 Midwestern cities

14–21

Co-Occurring

McCandless (2018) [15]

Ethnography

Ethnography

18 (% unknown)

LGBT youth (interviewed as adults)

6 locales across the U.S. (unspecified)

18+

H → J

Narendorf et al. (2020) [16]

Quantitative (Cross-Sectional)

Risk/Epi

1426 (33.7%)

Young adults experiencing homelessness

Arizona, California, Colorado, Missouri, New York & Texas

18–26

Co-Occurring

Omura et al. (2014) [17]

Quantitative (Pros. Cohort)

Risk/Epi

1019 (31.4%)

Street-involved youth who use illicit drugs

Vancouver, Canada

14–26

H → J

Pilnik et al. (2017) [18]

Argument

Argument

N/A

Unaccompanied homeless youth; Justice-involved youth

N/A

N/A

Co-Occurring

Quirouette et al. (2016) [19]

Ethnography

Ethnography

51 (51%)

Homeless and street-involved youth

Ontario & Nova Scotia, Canada

17–25

J → H

Ryan et al. (2007) [20]

Quantitative (Cross-Sectional)

Risk/Epi

294 (0%)

Male adolescents leaving foster care

Midwestern U.S. (unspecified)

16–22

H → J

Schoenfeld et al. (2019) [21]

Qualitative

Program Evaluation

19 (42.1%)

Homeless youth

Texas

19–26

Co-Occurring

Shah et al. (2017) [22]

Mixed-Methods

Risk/Epi

1202 (54%)

Youth and young adults exiting child welfare system

Washington

17–21

J → H

Snyder et al. (2016) [23]

Theoretical

Theoretical

N/A

Homeless youth

N/A

16–24

H → J

General Strain Theory; Traumatic Stress Theory

Tam et al. (2016) [24]

Quantitative (Cross-Sectional)

Risk/Epi

272 zip codes (% N/A)

Transition age youth exiting public systems

California

18–25

Co-Occurring

Thrane et al. (2008) [25]

Quantitative (Cross-Sectional)

Risk/Epi

361 (% unknown)

Homeless youth in the U.S. Midwest

Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska

16–19

H → J

Developmental Theory; Social Interaction Theory

Vidal et al. (2017) [26]

Quantitative (Prospective Cohort / Longitudinal)

Risk/Epi

10,850 (46%)

Maltreated children and adolescents referred to child protective services

Rhode Island

2–13

H → J

Cycle of Violence Theory; Cumulative Risk Theory

Walker et al. (2018) [27]

Mixed Methods

Observational

13,657 (% unknown)

Court-involved youth

Washington

12–17

Co-Occurring

Wendy & Rossman (2011) [28]

Argument

Argument

N/A

Children in juvenile delinquency cases

USA (nationwide)

N/A

J → H

Yoder et al. (2014) [29]

Quantitative (Cross-Sectional)

Risk/Epi

202 (36.1%)

Homeless youth with childhood trauma

Midsized western city (U.S.)

18–24

H → J