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Table 1 Organization and opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment characteristics of participating carceral system sites (n = 6)

From: The impact of COVID-19 on the treatment of opioid use disorder in carceral facilities: a cross-sectional study

 

Carceral sites

(n = 6)

Organization characteristics, n (%)

 Corrections system structure

  Unified corrections system

2 (33.3%)

  State prison

2 (33.3%)

  Local jail

2 (33.3%)

 Single facility versus organization/system

  Single facility

2 (33.3%)

  Organization/system

4 (66.7%)

  Number of facilities, median (range)

9 (4–13) facilities

 Health care delivery model

  Contracted model

4 (66.7%)

  Hybrid model

1 (16.7%)

  Direct services model

0 (0%)

  Othera

1 (16.7%)

Opioid use disorder (MOUD) treatment characteristics, n (%)

 Organization/facility prescribes MOUD

6 (100%)

 MOUD prescribed for:

  Opioid withdrawal management

6 (100%)

  Maintenance for any persons with OUD

6 (100%)

  Induction and maintenance only immediately prior to release

6 (100%)

  Maintenance only for pregnant women

3 (50.0%)

  Maintenance only for persons entering on MOUD

4 (66.7%)

 Medications available within organization/facility

  Methadone

5 (83.3%)

  Sublingual buprenorphine

6 (100%)

  Extended-release buprenorphine

3 (50.0%)

  Sublingual buprenorphine/naloxone

4 (66.7%)

  Extended-release naltrexone

6 (100%)

 Available non-medication treatment for SUDs

  Peer mentor/navigator/recovery coach

5 (83.3%)

  Outpatient substance use treatment

4 (66.7%)

  Mutual- or self-help group meetings

4 (66.7%)

  Transfer to residential or inpatient substance use treatment in the community

4 (66.7%)

  Intensive outpatient substance use treatment

3 (50.0%)

  Co-occurring substance use and mental health services

3 (50.0%)

  Onsite short- or long-term residential treatment

3 (50.0%)

  Other recovery-based unit

3 (50.0%)

  Therapeutic community

2 (33.3%)

Telemedicine use, n (%)

 Prior to COVID-19, use of telemedicine for:

  Treatment of any health condition

5 (83.3%)

  Inducting incarcerated/detained persons on MOUD

1 (20.0%)

 Use of technology/methods used by persons who are incarcerated/detained to participate in substance use treatment or recovery support

  Video calls

5 (83.3%)

  Tablets

4 (66.7%)

  Computers

3 (50.0%)

  Kiosks

1 (16.7%)

  Portable kiosks

1 (16.7%)

  Cell phones

1 (16.7%)

  Other applications or software programs

1 (16.7%)

  Internet

0 (0%)

  Text messaging

0 (0%)

  Email

0 (0%)

Re-entry support and post-release referral practices, n (%)

 In the month prior to release, staff in the facility/organization engage in:

  Scheduling appointments with MOUD providers in the community

6 (100%)

  Providing assistance completing intake paperwork for MOUD providers in the community

6 (100%)

  Facilitating exchange of key information with MOUD providers in the community

6 (100%)

  Providing incarcerated/detained persons with the name(s) of MOUD providers in the community

6 (100%)

  Assisting with reactivation and/or applying for Medicaid, Veterans benefits, or other types of insurance for payment of MOUD

6 (100%)

  Inducting incarcerated/detained persons on MOUD

5 (83.3%)

  Coordinating MOUD services with probation/parole

5 (83.3%)

  Connecting incarcerated/detained persons to a peer mentor/navigator/recovery coach

5 (83.3%)

  Providing a bridge supply of MOUD

5 (83.3%)

  Providing a written prescription for MOUD

4 (66.7%)

  Providing or arranging transportation to a MOUD provider in the community

2 (33.3%)

 Facility/organization provides naloxone kits at release

6 (100%)

 Naloxone kits at release provided to:

  Everyone

1 (16.7%)

  Only individuals with opioid use problems/OUD

4 (66.7%)

  Individuals with any substance use disorder

1 (16.7%)

  1. a Medication for opioid use disorder services are contracted, but medical providers are Department of Corrections employees