|
Socio-demographic
|
|
Age
|
|
≤ 29
|
90 (25)
|
39 (29)
|
1.72 (1.16–2.54)*
|
1.53 (0.91–2.55)
|
40 (23)
|
1
|
1
|
|
30–39
|
155 (42)
|
64 (48)
|
1.64 (1.14–2.35)*
|
1.46 (1.01–2.10)*
|
78 (45)
|
1.13 (0.86–1.50)
|
1.11 (0.82–1.51)
|
|
≥ 40
|
119 (33)
|
30 (23)
|
1
|
1
|
54 (32)
|
1.02 (0.75–1.38)
|
1.19 (0.81–1.75)
|
|
Completed years of education
|
|
≤ 9 years
|
150 (41)
|
61 (46)
|
1
|
1
|
72 (42)
|
1
|
1
|
|
≥ 10 years
|
214 (59)
|
72 (54)
|
0.83 (0.63–1.08)
|
0.88 (0.66–1.19)
|
100 (58)
|
0.97 (0.78–1.21)
|
0.98 (0.77–1.23)
|
|
Times moved accommodationc
|
|
None
|
139 (38)
|
40 (30)
|
1
|
1
|
60 (35)
|
1
|
1
|
|
1–2
|
94 (26)
|
35 (26)
|
1.29 (0.89–1.88)
|
1.35 (0.92–1.98)
|
44 (26)
|
1.08 (0.81–1.45)
|
1.16 (0.87–1.53)
|
|
≥ 3
|
131 (36)
|
58 (44)
|
1.54 (1.11–2.13)*
|
1.40 (1.01–1.95)*
|
48 (39)
|
1.20 (0.93–1.55)
|
1.13 (0.88–1.46)
|
|
Employment status
|
|
Continuous/intermittent
|
205 (56)
|
70 (53)
|
1
|
1
|
95 (55)
|
1
|
1
|
|
Unemployed/mostly without work
|
159 (44)
|
63 (47)
|
1.16 (0.89–1.52)
|
1.08 (0.81–1.43)
|
77 (45)
|
1.05 (0.84–1.30)
|
0.96 (0.77–1.21)
|
|
Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander
|
|
No
|
304 (84)
|
107 (80)
|
1
|
1
|
139 (81)
|
1
|
1
|
|
Yes
|
60 (16)
|
26 (20)
|
1.23 (0.89–1.71)
|
1.15 (0.83–1.61)
|
33 (19)
|
1.20 (0.93–1.56)
|
1.14 (0.87–1.50)
|
|
Relationship status
|
|
Single
|
228 (63)
|
81 (61)
|
1
|
1
|
105 (61)
|
1
|
1
|
|
Married/regular partner
|
136 (37)
|
52 (39)
|
1.08 (0.82–1.42)
|
1.06 (0.81–1.39)
|
67 (39)
|
1.07 (0.86–1.33)
|
1.08 (0.87–1.34)
|
|
Children with/without DHHS involvement
|
|
No children
|
143 (39)
|
50 (38)
|
1
|
1
|
61 (35)
|
1
|
1
|
|
Children without DHHS involvement
|
116 (32)
|
38 (28)
|
0.94 (0.66–1.32)
|
0.86 (0.60–1.22)
|
55 (32)
|
1.11 (0.85–1.46)
|
0.99 (0.76–1.30)
|
|
Children with DHHS involvement
|
105 (29)
|
45 (34)
|
1.23 (0.89–1.68)
|
1.08 (0.80–1.47)
|
56 (33)
|
1.25 (0.96–1.62)
|
1.06 (0.82–1.37)
|
|
Removed from family as child ever
|
|
No
|
272 (75)
|
91 (68)
|
1
|
1
|
121 (70)
|
1
|
1
|
|
Yes
|
92 (25)
|
42 (32)
|
1.36 (1.03–1.80)*
|
1.13 (0.86–1.50)
|
51 (30)
|
1.25 (0.99–1.56)
|
1.19 (0.93–1.53)
|
|
General health
|
|
General health rating
|
|
Excellent/good
|
275 (76)
|
95 (71)
|
1
|
1
|
123 (72)
|
1
|
1
|
|
Fair/poor
|
89 (24)
|
38 (29)
|
1.24 (0.92–1.65)
|
1.08 (0.79–1.49)
|
49 (28)
|
1.23 (0.98–1.55)
|
1.05 (0.81–1.36)
|
|
Intellectual disability
|
|
No
|
326 (90)
|
112 (84)
|
1
|
1
|
149 (87)
|
1
|
1
|
|
Yes
|
38 (10)
|
21 (16)
|
1.61 (1.16–2.22)*
|
1.27 (0.86–1.88)
|
23 (13)
|
1.32 (1.00–1.76)
|
1.24 (0.91–1.68)
|
|
Mental health
|
|
Visited a mental health service ever
|
|
No
|
47 (13)
|
10 (8)
|
1
|
1
|
13 (8)
|
1
|
1
|
|
Yes
|
317 (87)
|
123 (92)
|
1.82 (1.03–3.22)*
|
1.47 (0.83–2.60)
|
159 (92)
|
1.81 (1.13–2.92)*
|
1.36 (0.86–2.16)
|
|
Self-reported mood, anxiety psychotic & personality disorder
|
|
No
|
82 (23)
|
16 (12)
|
1
|
1
|
20 (12)
|
1
|
1
|
|
Yes
|
282 (77)
|
117 (88)
|
2.13 (1.34–3.37)*
|
1.65 (1.06–2.58)*
|
152 (88)
|
2.21 (1.49–3.29)**
|
1.80 (1.21–2.69)*
|
|
GHQ-12 ≥ 3 (poor psychiatric well-being)
|
|
No
|
205 (56)
|
59 (44)
|
1
|
1
|
77 (45)
|
1
|
1
|
|
Yes
|
159 (44)
|
74 (56)
|
1.62 (1.23–2.12)*
|
1.40 (1.07–1.85)*
|
95 (55)
|
1.59 (1.28–1.98)**
|
1.39 (1.11–1.74)*
|
|
Substance use
|
|
Illicit substances usedd
|
|
Heroin
|
62 (17)
|
20 (15)
|
1
|
1
|
24 (14)
|
1
|
1
|
|
Methamphetamine
|
140 (38)
|
49 (37)
|
1.24 (0.86–1.77)
|
0.98 (0.64–1.51)
|
67 (39)
|
1.24 (0.86–1.77)
|
1.26 (0.89–1.79)
|
|
Heroin & methamphetamine
|
116 (32)
|
47 (35)
|
1.34 (0.93–1.91)
|
1.12 (0.74–1.69)
|
60 (35)
|
1.34 (0.93–1.91)
|
1.34 (0.95–1.89)
|
|
Other
|
46 (13)
|
17 (13)
|
1.18 (0.76–1.84)
|
1.30 (0.75–2.24)
|
21 (12)
|
1.18 (0.76–1.84)
|
1.32 (0.86–2.00)
|
|
Duration of injecting career
|
|
≤ 18 years
|
182 (50)
|
72 (54)
|
1
|
1
|
85 (49)
|
1
|
1
|
|
> 18 years
|
182 (50)
|
61 (46)
|
0.85 (0.65–1.11)
|
0.98 (0.67–1.42)
|
87 (51)
|
1.02 (0.82–1.27)
|
0.93 (0.70–1.24)
|
|
Number of overdoses
|
|
None
|
151 (41)
|
41 (31)
|
1
|
1
|
56 (32)
|
1
|
1
|
|
1–2
|
82 (23)
|
34 (25)
|
1.53 (1.06–2.20)*
|
1.43 (0.99–2.07)
|
44 (26)
|
1.45 (1.08–1.93)*
|
1.36 (1.01–1.82)*
|
|
≥ 3
|
131 (36)
|
58 (44)
|
1.63 (1.18–2.26)*
|
1.71 (1.21–2.42)*
|
72 (42)
|
1.48 (1.14–1.92)*
|
1.44 (1.10–1.89)*
|
|
High risk alcohol usec
|
|
No
|
265 (73)
|
97 (73)
|
1
|
1
|
119 (69)
|
1
|
1
|
|
Yes
|
99 (27)
|
36 (27)
|
1.19 (0.95–1.50)
|
0.91 (0.67–1.24)
|
53 (31)
|
1.19 (0.95–1.50)
|
1.13 (0.89–1.42)
|
|
Criminal justice
|
|
Juvenile incarceration
|
|
No
|
201 (55)
|
68 (51)
|
1
|
1
|
96 (56)
|
1
|
1
|
|
Yes
|
163 (45)
|
65 (49)
|
1.18 (0.90–1.54)
|
1.01 (0.74–1.38)
|
76 (44)
|
0.98 (0.78–1.22)
|
0.88 (0.69–1.13)
|
|
Self-reported adult incarceration episodes
|
|
≤ 5
|
189 (51)
|
72 (54)
|
1
|
1
|
87 (51)
|
1
|
1
|
|
> 5
|
175 (48)
|
61 (46)
|
0.92 (0.70–1.20)
|
0.82 (0.61–1.11)
|
85 (49)
|
1.06 (0.85–1.31)
|
0.98 (0.79–1.22)
|
