| GP | Nursing | Mental | Emergency | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IRR | SE | IRR | SE | IRR | SE | IRR | SE | |
Demographics | ||||||||
 Female | 1.209 | 0.158 | 1.463*** | 0.130 | 2.009*** | 0.249 | 2.287*** | 0.592 |
 Married | 1.026 | 0.033 | 0.983 | 0.023 | 0.969 | 0.041 | 1.112 | 0.109 |
 Health insurance | 1.012 | 0.031 | 0.939*** | 0.020 | 1.127*** | 0.038 | 0.939 | 0.082 |
Age | ||||||||
 25 to 39 | 1.070** | 0.036 | 1.007 | 0.024 | 1.047 | 0.044 | 0.849* | 0.082 |
 40 to 49 | 1.090* | 0.049 | 0.962 | 0.032 | 0.984 | 0.055 | 0.714** | 0.099 |
 50 and older | 1.112* | 0.064 | 0.982 | 0.042 | 0.994 | 0.069 | 0.889 | 0.153 |
 Female 25 to 39 | 1.034 | 0.144 | 0.903 | 0.087 | 0.756** | 0.100 | 0.582* | 0.165 |
 Female 40 to 49 | 1.187 | 0.186 | 1.041 | 0.117 | 0.646*** | 0.101 | 0.662 | 0.223 |
 Female 50 and older | 1.365* | 0.235 | 1.051 | 0.134 | 0.636** | 0.116 | 0.555 | 0.220 |
Origin (a) | ||||||||
 Switzerland | 0.990 | 0.047 | 1.089** | 0.038 | 1.337*** | 0.068 | 0.903 | 0.116 |
 Africa | 0.960 | 0.044 | 0.859*** | 0.030 | 0.495*** | 0.029 | 0.505*** | 0.071 |
 North Africa | 1.130** | 0.056 | 1.053 | 0.039 | 1.133** | 0.063 | 1.195 | 0.156 |
 Middle East | 1.128 | 0.100 | 1.076 | 0.070 | 1.073 | 0.102 | 1.072 | 0.246 |
 Eastern Europe | 1.009 | 0.045 | 0.863*** | 0.029 | 0.661*** | 0.036 | 0.770** | 0.097 |
 America | 1.014 | 0.085 | 0.951 | 0.060 | 0.821** | 0.082 | 0.578** | 0.152 |
 Asia | 0.829 | 0.109 | 0.991 | 0.097 | 1.052 | 0.151 | 0.708 | 0.272 |
Chronic somatic conditions | ||||||||
 Infectious | 1.590*** | 0.069 | 1.153*** | 0.038 | 1.191*** | 0.064 | 1.333** | 0.174 |
 Skin | 1.345*** | 0.044 | 1.045* | 0.026 | 0.909** | 0.038 | 1.024 | 0.110 |
 Musculoskeletal | 1.382*** | 0.044 | 1.066*** | 0.026 | 1.039 | 0.040 | 1.063 | 0.107 |
 Digestive | 1.371*** | 0.051 | 1.149*** | 0.032 | 1.060 | 0.049 | 1.332** | 0.156 |
 Circulatory | 1.392*** | 0.061 | 1.442*** | 0.047 | 0.908* | 0.053 | 2.150*** | 0.289 |
 Endocrine | 1.305*** | 0.056 | 1.251*** | 0.041 | 1.130** | 0.061 | 1.317* | 0.189 |
 Respiratory | 1.277*** | 0.053 | 1.047 | 0.033 | 1.002 | 0.050 | 1.077 | 0.139 |
 Nervous | 1.313*** | 0.084 | 1.167*** | 0.055 | 1.011 | 0.077 | 1.239 | 0.222 |
Chronic addictions | ||||||||
 Alcohol | 0.983 | 0.039 | 1.022 | 0.029 | 1.515*** | 0.062 | 0.804* | 0.099 |
 Drugs | 1.098*** | 0.037 | 1.117*** | 0.027 | 2.289*** | 0.086 | 1.376*** | 0.131 |
 Pharmaceuticals | 0.955 | 0.052 | 0.916** | 0.035 | 1.087 | 0.058 | 0.899 | 0.137 |
Chronic mental conditions | ||||||||
 Schizophrenia | 0.962 | 0.055 | 1.270*** | 0.050 | 3.376*** | 0.178 | 1.632*** | 0.256 |
 Mood | 1.234*** | 0.079 | 1.145*** | 0.054 | 2.142*** | 0.139 | 1.505** | 0.258 |
 Neurotic | 1.119*** | 0.037 | 1.099*** | 0.026 | 2.276*** | 0.085 | 1.419*** | 0.131 |
 Behavioral | 1.072 | 0.087 | 0.986 | 0.055 | 1.761*** | 0.151 | 0.478** | 0.169 |
 Personality | 1.077** | 0.036 | 1.105*** | 0.027 | 2.077*** | 0.076 | 2.049*** | 0.190 |
 Retardation | 0.936 | 0.062 | 1.046 | 0.050 | 1.092 | 0.071 | 1.229 | 0.193 |
 Chronic comorbidities | 1.036** | 0.017 | 1.023* | 0.012 | 0.989 | 0.019 | 0.992 | 0.044 |
Year dummies | ||||||||
 2014 | 0.850*** | 0.034 | 0.947** | 0.025 | 0.945 | 0.042 | 0.684*** | 0.080 |
 2015 | 0.838*** | 0.033 | 0.832*** | 0.022 | 1.116** | 0.052 | 0.560*** | 0.062 |
 2016 | 0.943 | 0.037 | 0.749*** | 0.021 | 1.149*** | 0.052 | 0.370*** | 0.043 |
 2017 | 1.000 | 0.047 | 0.671*** | 0.023 | 1.166*** | 0.066 | 0.474*** | 0.068 |
Prisoner penal circumstances | ||||||||
 Pretrial detention | 1.051* | 0.030 | 1.189*** | 0.022 | 1.322*** | 0.043 | 1.130 | 0.092 |
 Mandatory psych. Treat. | 0.904 | 0.056 | 0.993 | 0.043 | 1.192*** | 0.065 | 1.009 | 0.167 |
 Time in prison | 0.936*** | 0.008 | 0.867*** | 0.007 | 0.921*** | 0.009 | 0.891*** | 0.023 |
 Number of stays | 1.038** | 0.015 | 1.059*** | 0.011 | 1.018 | 0.017 | 1.254*** | 0.045 |
Type of offense (b) | ||||||||
 Violent | 0.932 | 0.051 | 0.975 | 0.040 | 1.097 | 0.064 | 0.982 | 0.149 |
 Sexual | 1.045 | 0.050 | 1.027 | 0.037 | 1.390*** | 0.070 | 1.082 | 0.143 |
 Drug related | 0.964 | 0.026 | 0.964* | 0.018 | 0.904*** | 0.028 | 0.867* | 0.065 |
Prison dummies (c) | ||||||||
 Bois-Mermet | 1.425*** | 0.154 | 1.137* | 0.083 | 1.523*** | 0.194 | 3.500*** | 1.223 |
 Tuilière | 1.056 | 0.150 | 0.978 | 0.096 | 0.966 | 0.153 | 3.551*** | 1.557 |
 Plaine de l’Orbe | 1.024 | 0.251 | 1.199 | 0.198 | 0.384*** | 0.103 | 0.569 | 0.437 |
Prison level characteristics | ||||||||
 Occupancy | 1.124 | 0.167 | 1.110 | 0.110 | 0.330*** | 0.052 | 0.715 | 0.289 |
 Prison entries in the year | 1.000 | 0.000 | 1.000** | 0.000 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 1.001* | 0.001 |
 Full-time equivalent cost | 1.223 | 0.188 | 0.957 | 0.099 | 1.547** | 0.273 | 1.836 | 0.930 |
 Constant | 0.010*** | 0.003 | 0.027*** | 0.005 | 0.009*** | 0.003 | 0.001*** | 0.001 |
Observations | 10,136 | Â | 10,136 | Â | 10,136 | Â | 10,136 | Â |
 Number of individuals | 4928 |  | 4928 |  | 4928 |  | 4928 |  |
 Pseudo R2 | 0.339 |  | 0.277 |  | 0.327 |  | 0.095 |  |