Table 2 OUD service cascade within state systems and state prisons in U.S
From: The impact of the opioid crisis on U.S. state prison systems
|  | % of state Systems with 1+ prison\1 (n = 21) | % of Prisons across systems (n = 583) |
|---|---|---|
Screening | ||
 Have protocol to identify people who likely have opioid use disorders (OUD) | 100% | 47% |
 Timing of screening as % of individuals (can be more than once) | ||
  During Admission | 81% | – |
  After Admission | 33% | – |
  On an as-needed basis through referral or upon request | 38% | – |
  Other | 5% | – |
 Screening methods (of n = 273 prisons screening) | ||
  Self-reported days of opioid use | – | 99% |
  Clinical assessments | – | 96% |
  Urine analysis | – | 67% |
  Standardized instruments | – | 66% |
Withdrawal Management | ||
 Standardized protocol to identify people who are or at risk of withdrawing from opioids | 81% | 43% |
MOUD Treatment | ||
 Provide at least one type of MOUD | 100% | 39% |
 Provide all 3 types | 62% | 7% |
 Provide no type of MOUD | 0% | 61% |
 Population that the state system provides MOUD to: | ||
  People close to release or with a release date | 81% | – |
  Pregnant women | 81% | – |
  Those admitted on any type of MOUD | 38% | – |
  Court-ordered MOUD | 29% | – |
  Anyone with an OUD | 29% | – |
  Other | 24% | – |
  Only pregnant women | 14% | – |
  Only those admitted on any type of MOUD | 0% | – |
  No one | 0% | – |
Re-Entry | ||
 Provide incarcerated individuals training how to use naloxone to reverse an overdose | 60% | 27% |
 Provide naloxone kits to individuals at release | 48% | 23% |