Table 3 Pre-incarceration health service utilization by group and sex, Ontario, Canada (N = 39,498)

Health Service Utilization

  Emergency Dept. visits (unplanned)

Mean ± SD

2.46 ± 5.30

0.95 ± 2.15

0.37^***

3.54 ± 5.84

1.19 ± 4.01

0.47^***

2.38 ± 5.25

0.93 ± 1.95

0.37^***

0.21^***

Yes

4,199 (63.8%)

13,459 (40.9%)

0.47^***

331 (73.7%)

989 (44.1%)

0.63^***

3,868 (63.1%)

12,470 (40.7%)

0.46^***

0.23^***

  Outpatient Psychiatrist visits

Mean ± SD

2.62 ± 8.47

0.39 ± 4.07

0.34^***

2.69 ± 8.19

0.38 ± 3.21

0.37^***

2.61 ± 8.49

0.39 ± 4.12

0.33^***

0.01

Yes

2,099 (31.9%)

1,352 (4.1%)

0.78^***

164 (36.5%)

111 (4.9%)

0.85^***

1,935 (31.5%)

1,241 (4.0%)

0.77^***

0.11^**

  Outpatient Specialist visits

Mean ± SD

2.00 ± 5.61

1.97 ± 4.69

0.03

3.88 ± 7.26

4.38 ± 6.74

0.03

1.86 ± 5.44

1.79 ± 4.45

0.04

0.31^***

Yes

2,877 (43.7%)

13,891 (42.2%)

0.01^*

273 (60.8%)

1,402 (62.4%)

0.07

2,604 (42.5%)

12,489 (40.7%)

0.01

0.37^***

  GP/FP outpatient visits

Mean ± SD

18.43 ± 24.15

7.02 ± 11.11

0.61^***

26.33 ± 27.74

11.98 ± 13.73

0.66^***

17.85 ± 23.76

6.66 ± 10.81

0.61^***

0.33^***

Yes

6,282 (95.4%)

26,463 (80.4%)

0.47^***

–-

2,025 (90.2%)

0.40^***

5,837 (95.2%)

24,438 (79.7%)

0.48^***

0.24^***