Table 4 Summary of review, recommendation and opinion articles
Author/Year | Article Type | Country | Main Points | COI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Young 2018 | Consensus | UK | Screen all PWAI for ADHD. Stimulants first line, non-stimulants when ineffective/SUD. Include psychoeducation, psychological, and psychosocial components. Treat severe comorbidity before ADHD. Promote significant PWAI engagement in treatment. | Y |
Appelbaum, 2009 | Protocol | USA | Diagnosis: Consensus by 2 psychiatrists, diagnosis of ADHD before age 12, psych testing by doctoral psychologist, and clinically significant behaviour impairment. Treatment: Non-pharm first line, non-stimulants second line, stimulants if others not effective. Continuation of treatment requires objective improvement and compliance | NS |
Scott 2016 | Expert opinion | Canada | Modification of Appelbaum, 2009. Suggests addition of improved screening and behavioural interventions. First line treatment should depend on facility. | Y |
Young, 2011 | Consensus | UK | Suggests improved screening, staff training, and resource availability to PWAI. Methylphenidate first-line, atomoxetine/dexamphetamine when abuse potential. Treat comorbidities. Benefits of stimulants outweigh risks. | Y |
Mattes, 2016 | Review | USA | Stimulant risks may outweigh benefits. Mixed research on current medications. Alpha-2 agonists potential medication. | N |
Knecht 2015 | Systematic review | Spain | Self-report tools debatable, Coolidge Correctional Inventory specifically made for PWAI. Medication first-line when less severe symptoms. Tailored interventions needed if comorbidities. | Y |
Young, 2019 | Review | UK | Some concerns of stimulants may be unsubstantiated. Non-stimulants can be used when comorbid SUD. Focus on psychological, behavioural, and educational needs. | Y |
Sebastian 2019 | Review | Germany | Focus on substance use interventions and reduce violence/offending. Completion/adherence to rehabilitation plans is likely challenge. Early intervention programs required. | Y |
Tully, 2022 | Review | UK | Proper diagnosis/treatment of ADHD time-consuming, takes away from treating other conditions. Current research on medications is limited & questionable. Be cautious when prescribing. | N |
Retz 2021 | Review | Multi-national | Early recognition and intervention essential. Concerns of stimulants may be outweighed by benefits. Atomoxetine good alternative when comorbid SUD. Address psychological, behavioral, and educational needs. | NS |
Sutton, 2016 | Text & opi-nion | Canada | Non-stimulants may not be ideal in prison. Continuous performance tests may reduce malingering. Calls for practice guidelines, currently lack of consistency. | N |
Appelbaum, 2008 | Review | USA | PWAI staging behaviour can overburden psychiatrists. Guidelines/ consistency may mitigate issues. Misuse/diversion should prompt discontinuation of stimulants. Education/group therapy may benefit PWAI. | N |
Burns, 2009 | Text & opi-nion | USA | Discourages use of stimulants due to prevalence of SUD, misuse potential, and burden/safety concerns. | NS |
Young, 2011 | Review | Multi-national | Treatment requires complex plan that considers rehabilitation/comorbidity consideration. Early intervention crucial. | N |
Ginsberg 2013 | Text & opi-nion | Sweden | Medication can be beneficial but should be used carefully. Pros outweigh cons if treatment controlled and individualized. | Y |
Hall, 2016 | Commentary | USA | Diagnosis made difficult by high rates of trauma, SUD, and comorbidity. Treatment should include behavioral component. | N |
UKAAN, 2013 | Chapter in book | UK | Comprehensive, individualized treatment programs needed. | NS |
Barry, 2008 | Review | USA | Consider biological/genetic components in treatment. | NS |
Young, 2015 | Conference abstract | UK | Multimodal treatments may have a greater effect. R&R2ADHD developed for corrections. | Y |
Fructuoso, 2019 | Letter to editor | Switzerland | Stimulants are effective treatment, but major risk of misuse/diversion/safety for PWAI and staff. Suggests consideration of alternative approaches, such as non-addictive drugs or non-pharm interventions. | NS |
Boutwell 2020 | Review | USA | Stimulants are effective but concerned about safety/cost/side effects. | NS |