Table 4 Dynamic panel models predicting SUD treatment utilization

Model

(1)

Partially adjusted

(2)

Fully adjusted

(1)

Partially adjusted

(2)

Fully adjusted

(1)

Partially adjusted

(2)

Fully adjusted

(1)

Partially adjusted

(2)

Fully adjusted

Time variant variables

Health Services

Prior addiction treatment

0.26*

(0.03, 0.48)

0.23*

(0.03, 0.43)

0.21

(-0.10, 0.52)

0.01

(-0.20, 0.22)

0.05

(-0.23, 0.33)

0.01

(-0.24, 0.26)

0.36*

(0.01, 0.70)

0.22

(-0.06, 0.51)

Prior doctor’s visit

-0.04

(-0.14, 0.07)

-0.04

(-0.14, 0.07)

-0.04

(-0.19, 0.10)

-0.07

(-0.18, 0.04)

-0.03

(-0.20, 0.13)

-0.03

(-0.20, 0.13)

-0.07

(-0.26, 0.12)

-0.05

(-0.23, 0.13)

Prior ED visit

-0.24*

(-0.41, -0.06)

-0.24*

(-0.41, -0.07)

-0.24*

(-0.49, -0.00)

-0.21*

(-0.40, -0.01)

-0.33*

(-0.60, -0.05)

-0.33*

(-0.60, -0.06)

-0.09*

(-0.43, 0.25)

-0.11

(-0.43, 0.21)

Social Services

Prior receipt of welfare or public assistance^a

0.06

(-0.04, 0.15)

0.05

(-0.04, 0.15)

-0.03

(-0.17, 0.11)

-0.02

(-0.13, 0.09)

-0.01

(-0.17, 0.15)

-0.01

(-0.17, 0.14)

0.30*

(0.10, 0.50)

0.27*

(0.08, 0.46)

Prior receipt of disability benefits

-0.13

(-0.32, 0.06)

-0.12

(-0.31, 0.06)

0.09

(-0.21, 0.40)

0.09

(-0.15, 0.32)

-0.21

(-0.46, 0.04)

-0.20

(-0.45, 0.05)

0.03

(-0.41, 0.47)

0.07

(-0.35, 0.49)

Criminal Justice System

Prior arrest

0.02

(-0.10, 0.14)

0.02

(-0.10, 0.14)

-0.06

(-0.26, 0.14)

-0.05

(-0.21, 0.11)

0.03

(-0.16, 0.23)

0.04

(-0.16, 0.23)

0.13

(-0.06, 0.33)

0.12

(-0.06, 0.31)

Time invariant variables (baseline characteristics)

Age

0.00

(-0.00, 0.00)

-0.00

(-0.01, 0.00)

0.01

(-0.00, 0.02)

-0.00*

(-0.01, 0.00)

Educational attainment

Less than High School

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

High School (or GED equivalent)

-0.04

(-0.12, 0.04)

0.03

(-0.07, 0.13)

-0.14

(-0.30, 0.03)

-0.00

(-0.16, 0.16)

College or more

-0.03

(-0.12, 0.04)

0.05

(-0.05, 0.15)

-0.19

(-0.04, 0.01)

0.02

(-0.15, 0.87)

Marital status

Legally married

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Single, never married

0.08

(-0.02, 0.18)

0.06

(-0.08, 0.20)

0.04

(-0.16, 0.24)

0.11

(-0.10, 0.32)

Other (divorced, widowed, etc.)

0.15*

(0.04, 0.27)

0.12

(-0.03, 0.26)

0.12

(-0.10, 0.33)

0.28*

(0.02, 0.54)

Primary substance that caused most serious problem

Alcohol

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Cannabis

0.02

(-0.09, 0.13)

-0.01

(-0.12, 0.10)

-0.06

(-0.32, 0.20)

0.27*

(0.01, 0.54)

Cocaine

0.19*

(0.08, 0.29)

0.22*

(0.11, 0.34)

0.17

(-0.06, 0.38)

0.29*

(0.02, 0.55)

Opiates

0.44*

(0.22, 0.66)

0.89*

(0.48, 1.29)

0.33

(-0.04, 0.71)

0.92*

(0.40, 1.43)

Health insurance status

Not insured

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Medicaid

0.02

(-0.06, 0.10)

0.31

(-0.07, 0.13)

0.01

(-16.9, 19.2)

-0.08

(-0.26, 0.0)

Other

-0.05

(-0.15, 0.05)

-0.03

(-0.14, 0.08)

-0.11

(-0.17, 0.19)

-0.14

(-0.35, 0.06)

Recruitment sites

Community

Ref

Prison

0.15*

(0.05, 0.24)

Probation

0.07

(-0.01, 0.15)

Fit indices

RMSEA

0.042

0.000

0.026

0.057

0.000

0.026

0.079

0.046

AIC

3375.60

8844.44

735.80

2269.34

1677.40

3638.31

964.97

2408.32

BIC

3741.78

10182.13

992.09

3072.18

1948.93

4488.91

1211.03

3179.15