Table 1 Family-driven care domains, definitions, and example applications

1. Identifying and Involving Family Voices

• Methods used to identify members of the family unit and other supportive adults who should be involved in JJ processes

• Define family broadly to include traditional and non-traditional caregivers and other supportive adults

• Ensure that a family voice is present during all JJ decisions and processes

• Juvenile Relational Inquiry Tool (JRIT) (Shanahan & Agudelo, 2012)

• Family Finding (Welti, Wilkins, & Malm, 2021)

• Inclusive definition of family (Arya, 2013)

2. Informing Families

• Families are given complete, accurate, and understandable information about JJ processes, so they can make informed decisions

• Families are informed about resources/services and how to access them

• Family orientations (S. Walker et al., 2011)

• Family handbooks and resource guides (S. Walker et al., 2011)

3. Collaborative Decision-Making and Care Planning

• Families, youth, and professionals work collaboratively to make decisions and develop treatment plans for justice-involved youth

• Family’s needs and preferences are prioritized

• Family group decision-making (Annie E. Casey Foundation, 2014; Lewis & Judge, 2005; Pennsylvania’s Family Group Decision Making (FGDM) Leadership Team, 2009)

4. Family Diversity and Inclusion

• Families’ cultural backgrounds are respected throughout their involvement with the JJ system

• Staff advance their cultural and linguistic responsiveness

• Provision of culturally appropriate services (DMC Action Network, 2009)

• Cultural sensitivity training for staff (Hoytt et al., 2002; Willison, 2010)

• Linguistic Competency (Hoytt et al., 2002)

5. Organizational Feedback and Decision-Making

• Families provide feedback to the JJ system

• Families are involved in policy-making and practice decisions for the JJ system

• Family advisory boards or committees (Arya, 2013)

6. Family Peer Support

• Families engage in peer support activities to reduce isolation, gather and disseminate accurate information, and strengthen the family voice

• Family peer specialists (e.g., peer navigators, peer advocates, peer educators) (S. Walker et al., 2011)

• Family support groups (Cataldo & Ford, 2010)

7. Logistical Support

• Methods JJ systems use to help families overcome barriers to participation

• Transportation assistance

• Childcare assistance

• Flexible scheduling

8. Family Health and Functioning

• Interventions delivered to families to address family behavioral health concerns

• Interventions to improve family functioning and parent–child relationships

• Family therapy (Van der Pol et al.)

• Parenting education and skills programs (Slavet et al., 2005)