Table 1 Number, percentage and inferential test (ANOVA or Chi-square) of each variable by cause of death

Demographic information

M (SD)

M (SD)

M (SD)

M (SD)

M (SD)

M (SD)

df

F

Age (n = 1,689)

46.0 (15.6)

54.9 (14.8)_a

37.6 (8.7)_b

36.6 (11.0)_bc

37.6 (8.7)_bcd

30.2 (9.2)_f

4, 1685

232.71^***

N (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

df

χ²

Gender (n = 1,700)

Male

1484 (87.3%)

778 (89.1%)

359 (81.6%)⁻

153 (90.0%)

118 (87.4%)

76 (92.7%)

4, 1699

18.72^***

Female

216 (12.7%)

95 (10.9%)

81 (18.4%)⁺

17 (10.0%)

17 (12.6%)

6 (7.3%)

Ethnicity (n = 1,663)

Asian

43 (2.6%)

32 (3.8%)⁺

3 (0.7%)⁻

1 (0.6%)

2 (1.5%)

5 (6.2%)

12, 1651

123.73^***

Black

53 (3.2%)

26 (3.1%)

6 (1.4%)

3 (1.8%)

4 (3.0%)

14 (17.5%)⁺

Mixed

32 (1.9%)

7 (0.8%)⁻

9 (2.1%)

4 (2.4%)

3 (2.3%)

9 (11.2%)⁺

White

1535 (92.3%)

787 (92.4%)

415 (95.8%)

157 (95.2%)

124 (93.2%)

52 (65.0%)^_

Religion (n = 1,174)

Christian

343 (29.2%)

184 (32.1%)

88 (27.9%)

30 (25.2%)

29 (27.9%)

12 (19.4%)

16, 1172

100.95^***

Muslim

31 (2.6%)

10 (1.7%)

6 (1.9%)

0 (0%)

3 (2.9%)

12 (19.4%)⁺

Other

66 (5.6%)

48 (8.4%)⁺

9 (2.9%)

6 (5.0%)

2 (1.9%)

1 (1.6%)

No religion

720 (61.3%)

324 (56.4%)⁻

209 (66.3%)

80 (67.2%)

70 (67.3%)

37 (59.7%)

Atheist

14 (1.1%)

8 (1.4%)

3 (1.0%)

3 (2.5%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

Personal circumstances

N (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

df

χ²

Accommodation (n = 1,469)

Settled accommodation

1,067 (72.6%)

548 (74.9%)

268 (67.0%)⁻

107 (73.8%)

92 (76.7%)

52 (72.2%)

20, 1469

54.7^***

Short-term accommodation

175 (11.9%)

70 (9.6%)

60 (15.0%)

19 (13.1%)

14 (11.7%)

12 (16.7%)

Homeless

109 (7.4%)

42 (5.7%)

40 (10.0%)

12 (8.3%)

11 (9.2%)

4 (5.6%)

Hospital or residential care

47 (3.2%)

41 (5.6%)⁺

3 (0.8%)⁺

3 (2.1%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

Probation accommodation

43 (2.9%)

20 (2.7%)

17 (4.2%)

3 (2.1%)

1 (0.8%)

2 (2.8%)

Other

28 (1.9%)

11 (1.5%)

12 (3.0%)

1 (0.7%)

2 (1.7%)

2 (2.8%)

Employment (n = 992)

Full time or self-employed

106 (10.7%)

48 (9.8%)

16 (6.1%)⁻

21 (20.8%)⁺

14 (17.1%)

7 (12.7%)

24, 992

150.62^***

Parttime (self-) employed (< 30 h),

39 (3.9%)

12 (2.4%)

6 (2.3%)

6 (5.9%)

9 (11.0%) ⁺

6 (10.9%)

Unemployed (with financial support)

444 (44.8%)

196 (39.8%)⁻

140 (53.4%)⁺

42 (41.6%)

40 (48.8%)

26 (47.3%)

Unemployed (no financial support)

144 (14.5%)

56 (11.4%)

49 (18.7%)

15 (14.9%)

12 (14.6%)

12 (21.8%)

Retired

89 (9.0%)

86 (17.5%)⁺

1 (0.4%)⁻

2 (2.0%)⁻

0 (0%)⁻

0 (0%)

Unavailable for work

143 (14.4%)

76 (15.4%)

44 (16.8%)

15 (14.9%)

6 (7.3%)

2 (3.6%)

Other or unknown

27 (2.7%)

18 (3.7%)

6 (2.3%)

0 (0%)

1 (1.2%)

2 (3.6%)

Offence information

N (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

df

χ²

Supervision type

Post-custody release

887 (52.2%)

474 (54.3%)

246 (55.9%)

76 (44.7%)

57 (42.2%)⁻

34 (41.5%)

4, 1696

16.96^**

Community sentence

813 (47.8%)

399 (45.7%)

194 (44.1%)

94 (55.3%)

78 (57.8%)⁺

48 (58.5%)

Enforcement action

Enforcement or recall

294 (17.3%)

115 (13.2%)⁻

100 (22.7%)⁺

35 (20.6%)

25 (18.5%)

19 (23.2%)

4, 1700

22.86^***

N (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

df

χ²

Risk factors

Drug misuse

388 (22.8%)

117 (13.4%)⁻

183 (41.6%)⁺

39 (22.9%)

27 (20.0%)

22 (26.8%)

4, 1700

133.33^***

Known suicide risk

315 (18.5%)

108 (12.4%)⁻

105 (23.9%)⁺

59 (34.7%)⁺

29 (21.5%)

14 (17.1%)

4, 1700

60.59^***

Mental health condition

959 (56.4%)

282 (32.3%)⁻

229 (52%)⁺

71 (41.8%)

62 (45.9%)

29 (35.4%)

4, 1700

51.14^***

High/Very high RoSH

232 (15.8%)

102 (11.7%)

70 (15.9%)

28 (16.5%)

22 (16.3%)

10 (12.2%)

4, 1700

6.87

DV Perpetration

450 (36%)

180 (20.6%)⁻

140 (31.8%)⁺

62 (36.5%)⁺

44 (32.6%)

24 (29.3%)

4, 1700

33.49^***

DV Victimisation

58 (3.4%)

22 (2.5%)

21 (4.8%)

8 (4.7%)

6 (4.4%)

1 (1.2%)

4, 1700

7.08